Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a general term for acrylamide homopolymer or polymer copolymerized with its monomers. It is one of the most widely used varieties of water-soluble polymers. Polyacrylamide is widely used in oil mining, paper making, water treatment, textile, medicine, agriculture and other industries. According to statistics, about 37% of the global total production of polyacrylamide is used for wastewater treatment, 27% for oil industry, and 18% for paper industry.
Polyacrylamide has good thermal stability and is easily soluble in cold water. The viscosity and concentration of its aqueous solution approximate to logarithmic relationship. Polyacrylamide with high relative molecular weight and ultra-high relative molecular weight has high viscosity, and its aqueous solution has good tolerance for electrolyte. Polyacrylamide is a good flocculant because of its long molecular chain, which enables it to bridge between two particles and accelerate the sedimentation of particles.
In industry, polyacrylamide and its derivatives are produced by free radical polymerization of acrylamide. Polymerization methods can be divided into bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization and lotion polymerization according to the dispersion state of monomer in the medium. According to the dissolved state of monomer and polymer, it can be divided into homogeneous polymerization and heterogeneous polymerization. Three major dosage forms of polyacrylamide products: water-soluble colloid, powder and lotion.
Polyacrylamide is polymerized from acrylamide. Its main chain has a large number of side groups - amide groups. The amide group has high chemical activity and can react with a variety of compounds to produce many derivatives of polyacrylamide. Amide group can form strong hydrogen bonds with a variety of specific compounds, so it not only has flocculation, thickening, surface activity and other properties, but also can be converted into polymers containing carboxyl groups through its amide group hydrolysis, and become anionic polyacrylamide. The hydroxymethylated polyacrylamide formed by the reaction of polyacrylamide and formaldehyde is an important cross-linking monomer.
Polyacrylamide series products can be divided into non-ionic, cationic and anionic types. These polymers can be homopolymers or copolymers. The relative molecular weight is one of the main indicators to distinguish its performance.
In recent years, with the development of modern science and technology, the variety of polyacrylamide and its derivatives has been increasing, and the application field has become more and more extensive. The new synthetic technology of polyacrylamide has expanded the scale of polyacrylamide industrial production.
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